Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to impaired insulin production, insulin action, or both. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy. When this process is disrupted, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to various complications if left unmanaged.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus:

1. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D):

   • An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

   • Results in little to no insulin production.

   • Typically diagnosed in children and young adults, though it can occur at any age.

   • Requires lifelong insulin therapy for management.

2. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D):

   • The most common form, accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases.

   • Characterized by insulin resistance (cells do not respond effectively to insulin) and/or insufficient insulin production.

   • Strongly associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition.

   • Managed through lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.

3. Gestational Diabetes (GDM):

   • Occurs during pregnancy when hormonal changes lead to insulin resistance.

   • Increases the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

   • Usually resolves after childbirth but raises the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

4. Other Types:

   • Includes monogenic diabetes (e.g., MODY) and diabetes caused by other conditions (e.g., pancreatic diseases, drug-induced diabetes).